Ostracod Research at the Lake Biwa Museum, Japan

Robin James Smith

Genus Fabaeformiscandona Krstic, 1972

Superfamily: Cypridoidea Baird, 1845
Family: Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900
Subfamily: Candoninae Kaufmann, 1900

Thirteen species have been reported from Japan:

1. Fabaeformiscandona akaina Smith & Janz, 2008:

Left side view of a male Fabaeformiscandona akaina, length 1.3 mm.

Left side view of a female Fabaeformiscandona akaina, length 1.3 mm.

External view of a female left valve of Fabaeformiscandona akaina, length 1315 microns.

The male sexual organ of Fabaeformiscandona akaina, length 596 microns.

Additional figures in: Smith & Janz 2008.
Habitat: Lake Biwa.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Currently only known from Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865 - 2922.

2. Fabaeformiscandona condylea Smith & Janz, 2008

Right side view of a male Fabaeformiscandona condylea, length 0.6 mm.

External view of a male left valve of Fabaeformiscandona condylea, length 640 microns.

External view of a female left valve of Fabaeformiscandona condylea, length 588 microns.

The male sexual organ of Fabaeformiscandona condylea, length 190 microns.

Additional figures in: Smith & Janz 2008.
Habitat: Lake Biwa.
Mode of life: Benthic and interstitial.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Currently only known from Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008) and rivers flowing into Lake Biwa (Smith 2011).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. 2011. Groundwater, spring and interstitial Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Shiga Prefecture, Japan, including descriptions of three new species and one new genus. Zootaxa, 3140, 15-37.
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865-2922.

3. Fabaeformiscandona dolabella Smith & Janz, 2008

Left side view of a female Fabaeformiscandona dolabella, length 0.9 mm.

External view of a male left valve of Fabaeformiscandona dolabella, length 980 microns.

The male sexual organ of Fabaeformiscandona dolabella, length 361 microns.

Additional figures in: Smith & Janz 2008.
Habitat: Lake Biwa.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Currently only known from Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865 - 2922.

4. Fabaeformiscandona kushiroensis Hiruta & Hiruta 2015

Figures in: Hiruta & Hiruta 2015.
Habitat: Spring in a marsh.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Kushiro Marsh, Kushiro Shitsugen National Park, eastern Hokkaido, Japan.
References:
⚬ Hiruta, S. F. & Hiruta, S. 2015. Description of a species of Fabaeformiscandona (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Kushiro Marsh, Hokkaido, Japan, with the nearly complete mitochondrial genomic sequence. Biodiversity Data Journal, 3, e7074, 1-30. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.3.e7074.

5. Fabaeformiscandona myllaina Smith & Kamiya, 2006

Left side view of a male of Fabaeformiscandona myllaina, length 1.2 mm.

Left side view of a female of Fabaeformiscandona myllaina, length 1.1 mm.

External view of a male left valve of Fabaeformiscandona myllaina, length 1255 microns.

External view of a female left valve of Fabaeformiscandona myllaina, length 1070 microns.

The male sexual organ of Fabaeformiscandona myllaina, length 577 microns.

Additional figures in: Smith & Kamiya 2007, Smith & Janz 2008, Zhai & Zhao 2014.
Habitat: Lake Biwa and ponds.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture (Smith & Kamiya 2007), Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008). Elsewhere, Beijing, China (Zhai & Zhao 2014).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865-2922.
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Kamiya, T. 2007. Copulatory behaviour and sexual morphology of three Fabaeformiscandona Krstic, 1972 (Candoninae, Ostracoda, Crustacea) species from Japan, including descriptions of two new species. Hydrobiologia, 585, 225-248.
⚬ Zhai, D. & Zhao, W. 2014. On some recent non-marine ostracods from northern China, with description of one new species. Crustaceana, 87, 985-1026.

6. Fabaeformiscandona nishinoae Smith & Janz, 2008

Left side views of a male (top) and female of Fabaeformiscandona nishinoae. Length approximately 1 mm.

External view of a male left valve of Fabaeformiscandona nishinoae, length 1147 microns.

External view of a female left valve of Fabaeformiscandona nishinoae, length 1049 microns.

The male sexual organ of Fabaeformiscandona nishinoae, length 481 microns.

Additional figures in: Smith & Janz 2008.
Habitat: Lake Biwa. Mode of life: Benthic. Reproduction mode: Sexual. Known distribution: Currently only known from Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865 - 2922.

7. Fabaeformiscandona okuboi Smith & Janz, 2008

Left side views of a male (top) and female of Fabaeformiscandona okuboi, length 0.8 mm.

External view of a male left valve of Fabaeformiscandona okuboi, length 820 microns.

The male sexual organ of Fabaeformiscandona okuboi, length 460 microns.

Additional figures in: Smith & Janz 2008.
Habitat: Lake Biwa.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Currently only known from Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865 - 2922.

8. Fabaeformiscandona paterea Smith & Janz, 2008

Figures in: Smith & Janz 2008.
Habitat: Lake Biwa.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Currently only known from Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865 - 2922.

9. Fabaeformiscandona pedana Smith & Janz, 2008

Figures in: Smith & Janz 2008.
Habitat: Lake Biwa.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Currently only known from Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865 - 2922.

10. Fabaeformiscandona subacuta (Yang, 1982)

Left side view of a male Fabaeformiscandona subacuta, length about 1 mm.

Left side view of a female Fabaeformiscandona subacuta, length about 1 mm.

External view of a male left valve of Fabaeformiscandona subacuta, length 1073 microns.

External view of a female left valve of Fabaeformiscandona subacuta, length 980 microns.

The male sexual organ of Fabaeformiscandona subacuta, length 420 microns.

Additional figures in: Smith & Kamiya, 2007 (as Fabaeformiscandona japonica) ; Smith & Janz, 2008 (as Fabaeformiscandona japonica); Chang et al., 2012 (as Fabaeformiscandona japonica); Escrivá et al., 2012.
Habitat: Lakes, ponds, spring runoff, irrigation canals, rice fields.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution:Fukuoka, Gunma, Ishikawa, Okayama, Shiga, and Shizuoka Prefectures, Okinawa. Elsewhere, China, Korea, Thailand, Russia, Spain, Australia, New Zealand, Columbia. This species is considered invasive in Spain (Escrivá et al., 2012).
References:
⚬ Chang, C. Y., Lee, J. & Smith, R. J. 2012. Nonmarine ostracods (Crustacea) from South Korea, including a description of a new species of Tanycypris Triebel (Cyprididae, Cypricercinae). Zootaxa, 3161, 1 - 19.
⚬ Escrivá, A., Smith, R. J., Aguilar-Alberola, J. A., Kamiya, T., Karanovic, I., Rueda, J., Schornikov, E. I. and Mesquita-Joanes, F. 2012. Global distribution of Fabaeformiscandona subacuta: An exotic invasive Ostracoda on the Iberian Peninsula? Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32, 949-961.
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865 - 2922.
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Kamiya, T. 2007. Copulatory behaviour and sexual morphology of three Fabaeformiscandona Krstic, 1972 (Candoninae, Ostracoda, Crustacea) species from Japan, including descriptions of two new species. Hydrobiologia, 585, 225 - 248.

11. Fabaeformiscandona tora Smith & Kamiya, 2007

A male (top) and female of Fabaeformiscandona tora, left side views, length approximately 1 mm.

External view of a male left valve of Fabaeformiscandona tora, length 968 microns.

External view of a female left valve of Fabaeformiscandona tora, length 866 microns.

The male sexual organ of Fabaeformiscandona tora, length 327 microns.

Additional figures in: Smith & Kamiya 2007; Smith & Janz 2008.
Habitat: Lake Biwa.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture (Smith & Kamiya 2007), Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Kamiya, T. 2007. Copulatory behaviour and sexual morphology of three Fabaeformiscandona Krstic, 1972 (Candoninae, Ostracoda, Crustacea) species from Japan, including descriptions of two new species. Hydrobiologia, 585, 225 - 248.
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865 - 2922.

12. Fabaeformiscandona velifera Smith & Janz, 2008

External view of a male left valve of Fabaeformiscandona velifera, length 812 microns.

The male sexual organ of Fabaeformiscandona velifera, length 266 microns.

Additional figures in: Smith & Janz 2008.
Habitat: Lake Biwa.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Currently only known from Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865 - 2922.

13. Fabaeformiscandona yajimae Smith & Janz, 2008

External view of a male left valve of Fabaeformiscandona yajimae, length 978 microns.

The male sexual organ of Fabaeformiscandona yajimae, length 297 microns.

Additional figures in: Smith & Janz 2008.
Habitat: Lake Biwa.
Mode of life: Benthic.
Reproduction mode: Sexual.
Known distribution: Currently only known from Lake Biwa (Smith & Janz 2008).
References:
⚬ Smith, R. J. & Janz, H. 2008. Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa, Central Japan. Journal of Natural History, 42, 2865 - 2922.